CHASE

While Ferdinand David was in the early stages of evolving his approach to editing Classical repertoire in Leipzig, a very different venture was under way in Paris, where Edouard Deldevez was preparing a collection of old violin music, which was published in 1857 by Richault with the title: 'Diverse pieces chosen from the works of violinist-composers of the 17th and 18th centuries with concertante parts added to the original text and arranged for piano and violin by E. M. E. Deldevez. Work approved by the Institute and adopted by the Conservatoire of Music' (Pièces diverses choisies dans les oeuvres des célèbres Violinistes-Compositeurs de XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles avec parties concertantes ajoutées au texte original des auteurs et réalisées pour piano et violon par E. M. E. Deldevez. Ouvrage approuvé par l'Institut et adopté par le Conservatoire de musique). 

The twenty-six Pièces in the collection include complete sonatas and separate movements by Italian, French and German composers ranging in time from Corelli to Viotti. Although eighteen of the pieces had already appeared in Cartier’s L’art du violon of 1798 (see below), Deldevez seems to have gone back to original sources rather than merely taking pieces directly from Cartier. The Pièces diverses were issued in two volumes; the first contains the violin part with the bass line in smaller type, the second the violin part above Deldevez’s piano accompaniment, which reveals Deldevez the composer rather than the scholar. This volume also contains an introductory section dealing with interpretation, including the performance of the notated ornaments. Deldevez provided bowings and marks of expression in the violin part, but most items in the collection (many of which only occasionally require the violinist to move out of 1st position) are un-fingered. Fingering is, nevertheless, include in a few pieces, though it is not always clear why these particular fingerings should be provided when similar passages are left un-fingered. All the fingering that occurs in Deldevez’s collection is practical, not expressive (never indicating portamento). A rare instance of 2nd position occurs in the opening section of Geminiani’s Sonata op. 1 no. 1 (avoiding an extension of the 4th finger for c'''), where fingering for bariolage is also used; and in the fugue of the same sonata more, albeit rather sporadic, fingering is supplied. Where fingering would really be useful, it is frequently not provided (for instance in a Pugnani violin sonata, where an early user has added pencilled fingering in the copy on this website). For a more detailed account see Duncan Druce's article on this collection. 

This collection of early music was the natural outcome of a growing interestin historical repertoire. The first major collection of pre-Classical music, that of Jean Baptiste Cartier (1765-1841), contained an extensive selection of complete sonatas and single movements by Italian, German and French composers of the 17th and 18th centuries. Many of these works were later to reappear not only in Deldevez Pièces diverses, but also in similar collections by Jean Delphin Alard and Ferdinand David. Influential figures in the musical world of the 1820s to1840s did much to encourage a growing awareness and interest in this repertoire among performers, musical connoisseurs and, in due course, the concert-going public. Baillot was an early advocate of this repertoire, indeed Cartier's publication of Tartini's 'Devil's trill' sonata had been obtained from a manuscript owned by Baillot. In 1833 Baillot also performed Bach's A minor Violin Concerto from a set of manuscript parts copied from an unknown source by Bernhard Molique, which was supplied to him by Mendelssohn's friend Ferdinand Hiller (the concerto was not published until Dehn's edition, issued by Peters around 1850). In Paris at about the same time, François-Joseph Fétis made a number of attempts to organise public performances of early music, and Ignaz Moscheles made similar efforts in London (for further detail on the 19th-century revival of early music see Peter Holman: Life after Death: the Viola da Gamba in Britain from Purcell to Dolmetsch (Woodbridge, 2010)).

Developing concepts of the annotated string edition in Leipzig and Paris

Ferdinand David’s publications from the early 1860s show a rather puzzling diversity of approaches. His edition of Mozart’s string quintets (listed in Hofmeister in January 1861), despite being described, like his edition of the Mozart quartets, ‘Neue Ausgabe zum Gebrauch beim Conservatorium der Musik zu Leipzig genau bezeichnet von Ferdinand David’, contain neither bowing nor fingering instructions.  His editions of pedagogic literature and concertos, which appeared in astonishing numbers, however, consistently contained performance markings. At the end of his Violinschule (Hofmeister Dec. 1863), David appended a list of publications ‘which the author principally uses for teaching advanced pupils’; these included all the pedagogic editions he had published up to that time. For more detailed discussion of the Mozart quintets edition and his other publications of the early 1860s see on this website 'Ferdinand David as editor'.
In the first half of the 1860s, as David's editorial method was developing towards a more comprehensive provision of bowing and fingering in chamber music editions, Jean-Delphin Alard, Baillot's successor at the Paris Conservatoire, began his editorial work on Les maîtres classiques du violon. Collection de morceaux choisis dans les chef d'oevres des plus grands maîtres classiques Italiens, Allemands et Français  avec le style, le phrasé, l’expression, les doigtés, et les coups d’archet propres à l’interprétation traditionnelle de ces œuvres (collection of  pieces selected from the principal works of the greatest classical Italian, German and French masters with the style, phrasing, expression, fingerings and bowings appropriate for the traditional interpretation of these works).  This project was to run for more than twenty years (1862-1883) with two publishers (Gérard in Paris and Schott in Mainz) and eventually numbered fifty-six individual items (for a more detailed discussion of the publication history of this collection see George Kennaway's article). In a Preface, the publisher explained that the series was intended to answer ‘an often-expressed desire by violinists of all levels: artist-virtuosos, artist-professors and simple amateurs’ by supplying reliable editions of violin works that were ‘now sparse and often incorrect as editions’. It was evidently thought that the venture would prove to be commercially successful, for the Preface stated: 

Never was a moment more opportune for editing anew these incomparably beautiful works than this, where the French public turns away from light, meaningless productions to seek out the pure pleasures of true art. Encouraged by the success which, from its appearance, adhered to our Ecole classiques du chant by Madame Pauline Viardot-Garcia, we have followed the same path for the publication of the Maîtres classiques du violon. 

Alard, referred to in the Preface as ‘professor at the Imperial Conservatoire of Music, and one of the artists who most honour the French school of violin playing’, had been asked to act as editor because he was 'a virtuoso of the first rank and having the cult of the classics to the highest degree, a professor of unarguable merit, an artist of the most clear taste’. He was entrusted with the duty ‘of seeking out and classifying the works which must make up this collection, of annotating and completing them in such a way by means of the traditions of which he is the faithful repository, of fixing the tempo by the metronome – in a word, of giving each piece it true colour, by the precious marking of nuances and accents.’ From the fourth piece onwards a short explanation of Alard's editorial principles was included (unvarying from volume to volume) as follows: 

Of separate bowstrokes 
If there are no dots over the notes they are executed with the bow on the string. With dots, however, they are played in the middle of the bow, which is called sautillé [with springing bow]. If it is indicated by strokes 
Of staccato 
Staccato is mostly executed with the bow biting on the string. It is shown with normal dots [under a slur]. If it is marked with strokes [under a slur] it is played with a light lifted bow, as with sautillé, which I call flying staccato. 
Of little notes 
I have indicated the length the little notes should be given as accurately as possible. If, however, they are given with a line through them they should be short. If they have no line through them they are played long. 
Of tempo 
In general the works of the old masters are played at a very moderate tempo. Moreover, we have indicated it with the metronome according to what we believe to be the tradition. One can therefore consult this to make matters easier. 

Alard also supplied a biographical note on the composer and a few specific performance recommendations for each piece. Although these occasionally contain technical instructions they are mostly of a general nature. For a Stamitz Divertimento for solo violin, for instance, he states: ‘the Andante should be played mezza voce, with the whole length of the bow; the Allegro with fire and expansiveness; the Menuet, of a gracious type, very sustained and singing; and the fugue, which concludes the piece, at a moderate tempo, very rhythmical and very broad.’ 

Alard’s work on the maîtres classiques and, with Franchcomme on the parallel edition of chamber music, Les maîtres classiques concertantes, was to remain an exception in Parisian practice, largely because Parisian musicians and public were slow to develop an interest in instrumental chamber music. 

While Alard's work was progressing on its slow progress towards completion, Ferdinand David continued his intensive editing activity in Leipzig, producing a steady stream of editions of core Classical chamber music and concerto repertoire. Notable among his publications of the early 1860 is the collection of Violinconcerte neuerer Meister (1865) containing the concertos of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Lipinski (op. 21), and Ernst (op. 23). His edition of the Beethoven concerto reflects the newly-established text of the Gesamtausgabe, for which he had also been responsible, but includes extensive changes to the bowing and phrasing, as well as comprehensive fingering, which clearly reflect David’s own to performing the concerto. Among the other works in the collection, Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto is of particular interest for its differences from the original edition, which had been published with more sparing bowing and fingering by David. (See  'Ferdinand David as editor' for further discussion of his editions at this period and of his earlier personal performing copy of Beethoven's Violin Concerto). 

David’s other editions from the late 1860s and early 1870s consist of a mixture of standard chamber, solo repertoire, and arrangements. Compared with the editions he made during the 1850s and at the beginning of the 1860s, these later editions are, for the most part, much more fully marked with bowing and fingering. It seems clear that this change represents a key stage in the developing concept of the annotated edition. David’s late editions do not merely indicate slurring and articulation (as in his editions of the Haydn Piano Trios and Mozart String Quintets), or provide only basic bowing together with an indication of the most necessary position changes for executing difficult passages (as in the first edition of Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto). The editor’s additions now aim to convey a complete set of guidelines for fingering and bowing patterns that are both technical and expressive. Nevertheless, David’s annotations in these late editions rarely go as far as those in the 1843 edition of the Bach Solo Sonatas and Partitas, where he sometimes included instructions for a particular type of bowstroke, nor can they be seen as a definitive record of David's own approach to performing this material, although they undoubtedly represent a version of the works that he may have used on one particular occasion (even if only in private). David’s manuscript annotation in copies he used for his own performances provide much more detailed information about his playing style than the printed annotations in his published editions. The incomplete and provisional nature of his printed annotations is strikingly revealed by his manuscript markings in copies of his own editions that were used by him in performance, often containing radical changes (for specific examples see 'Ferdinand David as editor'). Nevertheless, taken as a whole, Ferdinand David's published editorial work can justly be seen as the yardstick against which later annotated editions of string music may be measured.  

In Ferdinand David's later years, the market for standard musical repertoire expanded greatly. This reflected the increasing prestige of serious music-making as a mark of sophistication and culture among the rapidly growing and wealthy middle classes and was reflected in competition between German music publishers to produce rival editions of standard repertoire edited by famous or at least well established musicians. Thus Peters issued an edition of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin in the mid 1860s, edited by Joseph Hellmesberger senior; they could not ask David, their most prestigious editor, to do it because he had already made an edition of this work for Kistner. At this time Peters were positioning themselves in the market as publishers of the full range of major classical repertoire. Breitkopf und Härtel were also increasingly anxious to offer editions of all the major classics, and in due course (though not until the 1890s, some 50 years after David's edition) they commissioned David’s former pupil and colleague at the Leipzig Conservatorium, Friedrich Hermann (1828-1907) to provide a new edition of the Sonatas and Partitas 'with all the markings required for teaching and practical use' (mit allen für Unterricht u[nd] praktischen Gebrauch erforderlichen Bezeichnungen). By that stage Hermann was a well established editor and arranger, who worked for many different publishers. Already, during David's lifetime, Hermann began to produce annotated editions, sometimes of the same works as David, but for different publishing houses. Previously, Hermann’s work for publishers, which began in the 1850s, primarily involved making arrangements of standard and recently published compositions, most often for piano or piano duet, and this continued to be a substantial part of his activity in later years; he arranged, for instance, many of Brahms’s chamber works for piano, sometimes with additional violin and cello parts. The first publications of pieces in their original form on which his name appears as editor seem to be Weber’s 6 Sonates progressives op. 13 (Leipzig: Schuberth, 1868), Viotti’s Violin Concerto No. 22 (Offenbach: André, 1868), and Schubert’s 3 Sonatinen op. 137 (Leipzig: Schuberth, 1869). Whereas the majority of Hermann’s later editions duplicate works previously edited by Ferdinand David, the Weber Sonatas preceded David’s edition of the same pieces by several years. The Viotti concerto, however, had been edited by David for Senff in 1856, in the collection of violin concertos by Viotti, Rode and Kreutzer, issued as Concert-Studien für die Violine for which Hermann provided a piano reduction of the orchestral parts, while Hermann’s edition of the Schubert Sonatinas (actually entitled Sonatas by the composer) was published only a year or so after David’s. The fact that two annotated editions of the Schubert and Weber should have been published in such close succession is indicative of the commercial competition that was developing even between different Leipzig publishing houses. 

During the last few years of Ferdinand David’s life, Friedrich Hermann remained in competition, undoubtedly friendly, with his erstwhile master. In the early 1870s he produced a small number of annotated editions for André, including two Kreutzer Violin Concertos (18 and 19), which,despite the fact that scarcely anyone would have thought of performing these works in a public concert by that date, were designated ‘zum Conzertvortrag mit Bogenstrichen, Vortragszeichen, Cadenzen und Pianoforte’ (for concert performance with bowing, performance markings, cadenzas and piano [accompaniment]). He also edited the six Bach Sonatas for Violin and Keyboard for Breitkopf und Härtel and Tartini’s ‘Devil’s Trill’ sonata for Peters. The latter is particularly interesting because its performance markings are evidently based on Joachim’s manner of performing it, as suggested by their strong similarity to those in Joachim’s own 1905 edition, which includes a footnote stating that the cadenza in Hermann’s 1873 edition had been transcribed by the editor from memory after a performance by Joachim and published ‘with permission’. In the years after David's death, Hermann edited a considerable number of pedagogical works, He also produced some substantial editions of Classical and contemporary chamber music, much of which had already been edited for different publishers by David. These included, for Peters, Haydn’s piano trios (1876), Schumann’s Violin Sonatas and his Fantasie op. 131 (1887), Reissiger’s piano trios, Spohr’s Piano Trio op. 119 and his Salonstücke for violin and piano opp. 127 and 135 (1890); for Breitkopf und Härtel, Beethoven’s String Quintet op. 29, Piano Trios (1890), and Violin Sonatas (1891), and Mozart’s early string quartets; and for Augener, Beethoven’s String Quartets op. 18 (1893). In general his editions of Classical works contain many fewer performance markings than David’s and, in many instances, give the appearance of a largely ‘pure’ text of the kind that was typical of a 19th-century Gesamtausgabe. This is the case, for example, with his edition of Haydn String Quartets for Peters, which are carefully supplied with slurs and articulation marks, but lack instructions for bow direction or fingering. His edition of Mozart's Violin Sonatas also contrasts strongly in this respect with David extensively annotated edition for Breitkopf und Härtel.

The continuing buoyancy of the market for Classical works during the last quarter of the 19th century saw an increasing number of German musicians of Hermann's generation engaged in producing annotated editions, and some anonymous editorial activity of this kind was also taking place. Notable players, a few of whom produced only one or a very small number of annotated editions, were engaged to edit works that were central either to the teaching or concert repertoire. Thus Beethoven's Violin Concerto and Romances warranted editions from almost all major publishers of serious music. Following David's 1865 edition of the concerto for Breitkopf und Härtel in 1865, Henri Vieuxtemps edited it together with the Romances for Schuberth in 1869, Jacob Dont for Schlesinger in 1880, August Wilhelmj for Peters in 1883 and many more annotated editions followed later in the century and during the first decades of the 20th century. 

Among younger editors, Henri Schradieck (b. 1846) began his editorial career editing repertoire that was established as teaching material. During his time as Ferdinand David's successor as professor of violin at the Leipzig Conservatorium (1874-82), he edited Spohr's Ninth COncerto for the old established publisher André (together with Augener in London and Schirmer in New York); this was sold as 'Neue zum Gebrauche am Conservatorium der Musik zu Leipzig v[on] H. Schradieck beziechnete Ausgabe' (New edition by H. Schradieck for the use of the Conservatorium for Music, Leipzig)

While publishing houses were attempting to gain a larger share of the market, many of the old established houses were obliged to produce new editions of works already in their catalogue. Re-engraving became necessary in the case of editions that had been commercially successful, such as those of chamber music by the Classical masters, because the old plates were no longer in a satisfactory condition for reprinting (the worn state of the plates can clearly be seen in late reprints of the original editions), and also because technological advances had led to a much higher standard of printing. The competitive market place, therefore, required publishers to increase the quality of their product if they were to retain their position in the marketplace. Where publishers had the rights to editions edited by Ferdinand David, they seem to have been loth to replace them with new ones edited by another musician. In the case of a few Peters editions, however, although David’s name on the title page was enough of a commercial advantage to warrant its retention, an un-named editor or editors seem to have been involved in revising the annotations. In the newly engraved editions of Beethoven's Violin Sonatas (c. 1881) and String Trios (c. 1903), much of the bowing and fingering  was no longer his, despite the wording of the title pager remaining the same. Many of his editions were reissued with newly-engraved plates but without any change to the annotations during the late 19th and early 20th century.There is no direct evidence to explain why revision was deemed necessary in some cases and not others, such as Schubert's Piano Trios (1868 , re-engraved 1886) and String Quartets (1870-71, re-engraved 1888).This presumably resulted either from personal preference on the part of an anonymous reviser, or perhaps from a shift in approach to technique that was taking place during those decades, which made some of David’s markings seem old fashioned or idiosyncratic. David's edition of Beethoven's String Quartets was never re-engraved. It seems probable that, when the plates were becoming worn, Peters, recognising that Joseph Joachim had become such a prestigious interpreter of Beethoven’s quartets, planned to replace it with the new edition by Joachim and his former pupil Andreas Moser. This decision may also have been connected with the appearance of an elegant new edition of the quartets by Engelbert Röntgen from Breitkopf und Härtel in 1890, which represented a serious commercial threat to David's much less beautifully engraved Peters edition. If this lay behind the decision of the management at Peters, they were certainly proved right, for the new Peters edition of Beethoven's String Quartets became the standard one for many decades, while the Breitkopf und Härtel edition seems to have been relatively unsuccessful, to judge by the very small number of copies held in international libraries. [check B&H for sales figures]. If Friedrich Hermann approached the task of editing Classical repertoire from a less interventionist standpoint than David, Joseph Joachim (1831-1907) seems for many years to have been disinclined to provide more than the most cursory performance instructions and at one stage was decisively opposed to the notion of providing them at all, as a letter written to Alfred Dörffel at Breitkopf und Härtel in 1879 indicates. As early as 1869 he accepted the task of editing Corelli's Sonaten für 2 Violinen, Violoncell und Bass. Op.I und II for a series entitled Denkmäler der Tonkunst  (Bergedorf: H. Weissenborn), but his concern was purely with the text and he provided no technical or stylistic instructions for performers. During the 1870s, however, he was persuaded to act as an editor for Simrock's collected edition of Mendelssohn’s Werke undertaking the chamber music for strings and the Violin Concerto as well as collaborating with the pianist Ernst Rudorff to edit the Piano Trios. Despite the statement on the title page 'revidirte mit Stricharten, Fingersatz und Vortragsbezeichnungen versehen von Joseph Joachim' (revised and provided with bowings, fingering and performance markings by Joseph Joachim), fingerings and bowing indications are sparse (many movements having none at all). Strangely, although no editor is specified for the cello part, this includes as much fingering as the violin part. In both string parts, however, the fingerings are almost entirely technical rather than expressive. For the first edition of Brahms's Violin Concerto in 1879, on the other hand, Joachim, in consultation with the composer, provided performance markings, including fingerings at the proof stage of the publication process, some of which conveys interesting stylistic information about his own performing practice in the concerto (see the preface to Clive Brown's edition of Brahms's Violin Concerto (Bärenreiter, 2006)). 

Only in the mid 1890s did Joachim return to editing, perhaps encouraged by his former pupil and colleague at the Berlin Hochschule, Andreas Moser, with whom he edited the Beethoven String Quartets for Peters. The op. 18 quartets appeared in 1895 and the others were all published by 1901. At a time when the performance traditions represented by Joachim were increasingly being rejected by younger musicians Joachim seems at last to have been persuaded that more extensively annotated editions might at least put on record the values for which he stood. Beethoven's Violin Sonatas (Peters, 1901), edited by Joachim alone, and Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin, with Moser (Bote und Bock, 1908), works with which he was particularly associated, appeared separately, while a range of major violin masterpieces was included in Volume 3 of the Violinschule, which he and Moser produced in the early years of the 20th century. These were accompanied by a highly informative extended essay 'On Style and Artistic Performance' (Vom Vortrag) by Moser. (For a more detailed discussion of Joachim's editorial activities see my article 'Joseph Joachim as editor' and for discussion of elements in Moser's essay, my article 'The decline of the 19th-century German school of violin playing' .)

In sharp contrast to  the paucity of performance instructions in Joachim's early editions are the copious markings in editions by two other prominent violinist of his generation Edmund Singer (1830-1912) and Johann Christoph Lauterbach (1832-1918). 

The editorial work undertaken by Singer, who was a fellow pupil with Joachim of Joseph Boehm, was done for several different publishers. For Litolff he produced a number of editions of H. W. Ernst's works (opp. 10, 11, 18, 22, 23); for Hugo Pohle of Hamburg (later taken over by Schweer und Haake of Bremen) he edited a series of pedagogic Studien-Werke (studies and caprices by Gavines, Fiorillo, Kreutzer, Rode, Rovelli and Paganini), which were described on the title page as 'Eingeführt im Conservatorium der Musik zu Stuttgart' (introduced in the Stuttgart Music Conservatorium), where Singer was head of violin studies. In these he supplemented Rode's markings with additional instructions for the part of the bow and other performance indications. Pohle also published Singer's editions of concert pieces, including eighteen of Mozart's violin sonatas (with Wilhelm Speidel), Beethoven's Romances, Schubert's Sonatas (Sonatinas) op 137 and Rondo op. 70, and Mendelssohn's Piano Trios op. 49 and 66 (with Bernhard Cossman and Wilhelm Speidel). The Mendelssohn is announced on the title page as 'kritisch durchgesehen und genau bezeichnet' (critically revised and precisely annotated). In this edition he provided fingering, bow direction, and indicated particular types of articulation through the use of staccato dots, wedge-shaped strokes, and horizontal lines, although he gave no account of what he meant by these signs except to describe the lines (-) as 'tenuto' in the key to symbols on the first page of the violin part.  Furthermore, Singer, sometimes alone and sometimes in collaboration with his colleague, included additional terms of expression. Examples of all three types of articulation marks, as well as additional terms of expression  occur in the violin part on the second page of the D minor Trio. In the Andante of the same trio, Singer also indicated portamento in circumstances where the fingering alone could not imply it, by inserting glissez and slanting lines, often where he wished an audible slide to occur between bowstrokes (see further discussion of the passage in the red box on the scan).  

A more didactic purpose is suggested by the announcement 'Zum Studium und Concertvortrag genau bezeichnet' (for study and concert performance) on the title page of Singer's edition of the Beethoven Romances (although this edition does not contain more detailed markings than the Mendelssohn Piano Trios), while on the title page of the Mozart Sonatas an even more obvious pedagogical aim is indicated by 'Zum Gebrauch bei Conservatorien der Musik revidirt und genau bezeichnet' (edited for use in music conservatoires and precisely annotated). Most of these editions originally appeared during the 1870s. In the early 1880s Singer published the first two volumes of a projected three-volume Violinschule (which, however, was never completed), issued by J. G. Cotta in Stuttgart. Then in 1887, again with Wilhelm Speidel, he edited the Beethoven Violin Sonatas. This publication, similarly described on the title page as 'Inbesondere zum Gebrauch in Conservatorien für Music revidiert und genau bezeichnet' (edited particularly for use in music conservatoires and precisely annoted), was also 'Eingeführt im Conservatorium der Musik zu Stuttgart'. Singer's didactic aims are more fully developed in this Beethoven edition than in his earlier editions, as indicated by the key to symbols at the top of the first page of each sonata, which lists not only the usual signs for up- and down-bow, but also the abbreviations Fr., Sp., and M.(Frosch, Spitze, Mitte), for the heel, point and middle of the bow, a slanting line (/) for portamento (here described as Rutschen (gleiten)), restez, a comma to signify 'a short pause' (eine kurze Pause), a horizontal line (-) for 'sustained' (gehalten), as well as I, II, III, IV for the four strings. In addition there are many footnotes; two, for instance, occur on the first page of the first sonata.

Like Singer, Lauterbach was closely associated with Pohle, who also published some of his original compositions. He seems first to have contributed an edition of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in 1878 to the same series of Mendelssohn's works for which Singer edited the piano trios. In 1887 Lauterbach also edited several of Robert Schumann's works for a series of that composer's music published by Pohle, taking responsibility for the Violin Sonatas opp. 105 and 121, the Phantasiestücke op. 88, and the Phantasie for violin and orchestra op. 131, which, according to a note on the first page, he also altered for the sake of 'the technical and tonal peculiarites of the violin' (die technischen und klanglichen Eigenthümlichkeiten der Violine).  Lauterbach did not edit Schumann's string quartets for this series however; these were entrusted to the violinist and noted quartet player Robert Heckmann, who was closely involved with Edvard Grieg's composition of his String Quartet op. 27; but Heckmann seems not to have edited any other music for Pohl or other publishers. In the meanwhile, in 1885, Lauterbach had produced an annotated edition of the solo part of Karl Goldmark's Violin Concerto op. 28 (the work having originally been published by Pohle in 1877). He also made annotated editions of Albert Dietrich's D minor Violin Concerto op. 30 of 1875 and three Spohr concertos (nos 7, 8, and 9) in 1890. Shortly afterwards all his editions of works for violin and orchestra together with his edition of Beethoven's Violin Concerto (probably prepared specially for this collection) were published together in a two-volume series entitled Neue Concert-Studien (new concerto studies). 

In the same generation as Joachim, Singer, and Lauterbach, the cellist Friedrich Grützmacher (1832-1903) was by far the most prolific and most detailed 19th-century editor of solo cello music. He seems to have derived much of his method from Ferdinand David, with whom he was closely associated in his early years as a professional cellist, but in some respects went further in his editorial practice. This is most strikingly shown by his inclusion of the term gliss. employed in many of his editions, which, as in Singer's editions, was used to indicate portamento in places where, for the most part, it was not immediately obvious from the fingering. (For further information on Grützmacher as an editor see George Kennaway's article.) Coming a distant second to Grützmacher, at least in the quantity of his activity, was Bernhard Cossmann (1822-1910), who contributed only to Pohle's Mendelssohn editions. 

Collaborative editors of chamber music

Only a very small number of editions produced during this period involved more than one editor providing instrument-specific annotations. Most often, these occurred in editions of piano chamber music. An early example of collaboration between keyboard and string players was the Czerny and Lipìnski Bach Violin Sonatas and a later one the Singer and Speidel Beethoven Violin Sonatas. But even in music where the piano was just as important, the piano part was frequently left unmarked and only the string part was annotated (as in David's Beethoven Violin Sonatas, Joachim's Beethoven Violin Sonatas, or Grützmacher's Beethoven and Mendelssohn Cello Sonatas). In the case of editions involving more than one string instrument it was even rarer for, say, a violinist and a cellist to be engaged. The editions of Mendelssohn's chamber music produced by Pohle and Simrock in the 1870s appear to be the earliest to employ separate editors for violin/viola and cello parts; in the case of the Pohle editions this was Cossmann, but in the case of the Simrock editions (see the paragraph on Joachim above) no cello editor was acknowledged. In the next decade, in the series of Schumann's works issued by Pohle to coincide with the 30th anniversary of the composer's death, most volumes had only a single editor, but in the case of the Piano Trios, as in Pohle's edition of Mendelssohn's Piano Trios, three editors were acknowledged: Lauterbach (violin), Davidoff (cello), and Niemann (piano). Such enterprises remained exceptional, probably because of the additional expense of employing more than one editor to work on a single piece. At the turn of the century, however, Hugo Dechert (1860-1923) provided fingerings for the cello parts of Joachim's and Moser's Beethoven Quartet edition, though he was named only on the individual part, not on the title page of the edition. 

In the first decades of the 20th century editions of string chamber music appeared  with the name of a well-known quartet as editors. In a range of Universal Edition publications of major string chamber music, the parts (Stimmen) of the celebrated Hellmesberger String Quartet were  acknowledged as having provided the basis of the edition. Publications based on these parts include Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, and Schumann string quartets, Mozart, Beethoven and Mendelssohn string quintets, Beethoven's Septet and Mendelssohn's Octet. Schumann's Piano Quintet was edited by the leader of the quartet, Joseph Hellmesberger junior, with the pianist Jan Brandts-Buys. At the time these editions were first published the Hellmesberger Quartet (formed in 1849 by Georg Hellmesberger and finally disbanded in 1905 two years before the death of his son Joseph Hellmesberger junior) was still regarded as one of the leading ensembles in Vienna, but there is no firm evidence that any of the quartet's members contributed directly to the editorial process. The editions contain only bowing markings, not fingering; even in the string parts of Joseph Hellmesberger's edition of Schumann's Piano Quintet there is no fingering.

The other well-known string quartet that was named in chamber music editions during this period was the Gewandhaus Quartet of Leipzig, which was credited as the source of the performance markings in a series of editions of Brahms's String Quartets, String Quintets, Sextets, and Clarinet Quintet that was produced by Peters during the 1920s. Unlike the Hellmesberger Quartet editions, the Gewandhaus Quartet's Brahms editions contain much fuller markings, including detailed fingering. It is nevertheless unclear what the relationship of individual members of the quartet or their own marked up copies may have had with the published editions. There has as yet there has been insufficient research on the publisher's archives to be more specific about the process by which the quartet's members or their material was involved in the production of these editions. Since the Gewandhaus Quartet's viola player, Carl Herrmann, was extensively employed as an editor for Peters, it seems possible that it may have been largely his work, perhaps in consultation with other members of the quartet.

Changing technology and strategies in publishing

Late 19th-century publishers were evidently keen to seize as much of a share of the market as they felt could be profitable, which led to a number of publishers competing aggressively. As mentioned above, Pohle and Simrock both produced new collected editions of Mendelssohn in the 1870s at the same time that Breitkopf und Härtel were compiling the Mendelssohn Gesamtausgabe (alongside which Breitkopf also issued separate parts). The Gesamtausgabe, which was distinguished by its status as a 'critically revised edition' (kritisch durchgesehene Ausgabe), was not provided with additional performance annotations; but Pohle and Simrock sought to add attraction to their editions by engaging a team of high profile performers as editors. And in 1887, while Breitkopf und Härtel were producing the Schumann Gesamtausgabe (published between 1879 and 1893), Pohle competed with Peters to issue new editions of Schumann's works, including the Violin Sonatas  (edited respectively by Lauterbach and Hermann), String Quartets (edited  Heckmann and Hermann), and Cello Concerto (Davidoff and Grützmacher). 

Different publishers pursued differing paths during the last decades of the 19th century, and a considerable number of less prominent string players were involved to a greater or lesser extent in satisfying the demand for annotated editions of repertoire that formed the basis of teaching, as well as professional and amateur music making. Some, such as Litolff, seem to have made cheapness their main selling point, undercutting even the relatively inexpensive Peter's editions that had been made possible by the new lithographic Notendruckschnellpresse (rapid music printing press), developed by the printing firm of C. G. Röder in the early 1860s. But in the early days this undercutting was only achieved at the expense of quality. Many Litolff editions from the 1860s and 1870s are printed on poorer paper and appear particularly crowded on the page  in comparison with Peters edition; this can be seen by comparing the Litolff and Peters editions of Schubert's Rondeau Brillant, which are typical of the difference between these publishers at that stage. 

A history of the Litolff publishing house, Fünfzig Jahre Collection Litolff. Haus-Chronik von Henry Litolff`s Verlag Braunschweig, published by the firm in 1914, gives fascinating statistics for the impact of the new printing methods on production. In 1860 there were six workers in the printing department operating three Kupferdruckpressen (presses printing from engraved copper plates) producing approximately 700 pages a day (p. 22). Shortly thereafter, two lithographische Handpressen (lithographic hand presses) were acquired, which significantly increased production. Then in 1862 Theodor Litolff purchased their first Schnellpresse, manufactured by G. Sigl in Berlin, and 'instead of formerly c. 4000 pages per week approximately ten times as many were achieved' (p. 25). This enabled the firm to establish its 'Collection Litolff' with an edition of Beethoven's works, although at this stage, the music was published without editorial annotations. By 1864 a second Schnellpresse had been installed. Theodor Litolff, however, was keen to improve the appearance of his editions and to do this quickly obtained two more advanced cylinder presses.By 1867, however, he had devised improvements in the design and commissioned the firm of Klein, Forst and Bohn in Johannisberg to construct two more machines to his own design, and by 1873 he had purchased six more of this type. At about this time the firm employed 30 engravers. In 1882, the firm changed from a lithographic method to one using zink plates, also designed by Theodor Litolff, which significantly increased the quality of their printing. By the end of the century, the firm was producing 200,000-250,000 pages of music a day (p. 45).

Litolff's editions of mainstream chamber works were issued without editorial annotations at that stage, but it seems to have become increasingly important to them to engage named editors from the 1870s onwards. Among their editors of string music were August Schulz who edited works ranging from Mozart (Concerto K. 219) to Schumann (Sonata op. 105), Johann Nepomuk Rauch, whose editions included Mozart's and Beethoven's violin sonatas, Schubert's works for violin and piano, and Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto, Adolf Grunewald undertook Handel Sonatas and Viotti's 22nd Concerto, while Albrecht Blumenstengel was primarily occupied with pedagogical works and duets, including all Spohr's violin Duos and his op. 13 Duo for violin and viola. Occasionally well-known performers were engaged for isolated tasks; Edmund Singer edited a series of Ernst's compositions (see above) and August Wilhelmj Schubert's Fantasie in C major op. 159 (D. 934) 'for concert performance', while Leopold Grützmacher competed with his brother Friedrich's edition of Mendelssohn's Cello Sonatas (Peters). During the 1880s Leopold Auer made his first forays into editing with a series of Spohr Violin Concertos for Litolff. And in the early 20th century Clemens Schultze-Biesantz, who assumed the role of Litolff's principal editor in 1899 worked with various collaborators re-edited works by Mozart and Schubert, as well as making editions of Beethoven's Violin Concerto and all three Brahms Violin Sonatas. Schultze-Biezantz's father had been associated with Litolff for many years and his son was apparently educated specifically to take over as head of the editing department. [something on Schumann op. 131 from Litolff's  'neue kritisch durchgesehene Ausgabe' RCM]

Publishing activity was fostered by the commercial advantage of issuing new or revised editions of works that had already been annotated by an earlier editor, and by the entry into the marketplace of publishing houses outside Germany. The most remarkable new entrant into the field was the Viennese publishing house Universal, founded in 1901, which set out  to provide annotated editions of all the major chamber music and concerto repertoire for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It accomplished this task within a very few years, before Emil Hertzka took over as managing director in 1907 and made the firm's principal focus the publication of contemporary music. Within the first three years of its existence it reached plate numbers of more than 2000, with a catalogue dominated by the works of Bach, Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Chopin, and Schumann. This rapidity of production was apparently made possible by bare-faced opportunism. It seems clear from the physical appearance of the majority of these early Universal editions that the publishers supplied their editors with a rival's edition into which any editorial amendments could be made, using the existing printed annotations as a basis. Many of the Universal editions on this website show a very close correspondence with Peters editions, which seem to have been the favoured models. This can clearly be seen by comparing the Peters edition of Beethoven's Violin Concerto edited by Wilhelmj with Prill's Universal edition; they differ only in respect of a few cosmetic changes and give the impression of having been engraved directly from an annotated Peters edition. 

In the second and third decades of the 20th century, while young editors, later to become influential, were just beginning their careers, one much older musicians, Leopold Auer, whose previous involvement with editing had been limited, became increasingly active during the second decade of the 20th century. This may have been partly connected with his increasing focus on teaching, as his playing career declined. These later editions, beginning in the early stages of the 1914-18 war, were almost all for the New York publisher Carl Fischer, who was largely unaffected by the problems that beset European publishers during those years.  When Auer was forced to flee Russia by the revolutionary convulsions of 1917, leaving almost all his possessions behind, this American connection stood him in good stead and he made his new home in New York, where he continued to publish editions and teaching material for Fischer. 

During the early 20th century, French publications of classic German repertoire increased greatly in number, indicating the growing taste for classical chamber music in France. The process was accelerated by the Great War of 1914-18, which led to a clear distinction between German music (which was seen as a universal cultural treasure) and German publishers, who were viewed in a more nationalistic light. The motivation is clearly expressed in the introduction to Heugel's Édition francais de musique classique that was printed on the covers of individual editions. It stated:

The Edition française de musique classique was born of the patriotic enthusiasm which animated publishers, dealers, teachers and amateurs of music from the beginning of the war, and made them consider that the Edition française itself had to achieve a collective effort with the view to constituting a national edition of classic works, equalling, even surpassing, in respect both of importance and of presentation, the celebrated foreign collections  which are almost the only ones currently in use.

One knows what circumstances have held back the completion of this project and have compromised its very late realisation. But theEdition, created thanks to the active involvement of many people of goodwill, enables the publication of an already notable collection of volumes which will be unanimously recognised as representing the most perfect of the French classical editions.

Maison Heugel, from where originated in November 1914 the first idea for this collection, thought [it] a patriotic duty to acquire the Edition, and to pursue the work of its founders, until the complete realisation of their project. To this end, and in order to complete a more important and complete collection more quickly, it has incorporated in the existing edition the greater part of the excellent “Orphée” and “Bonnefond” collections, while also beginning the preparation of a considerable number of new works, in order to speedily build the most important, best presented, and least expensive classical edition.

With absolute confidence, Maison Heugel calls to all those who, from the first hour, have born witness to their commitment to a work born from a common struggle, and for which the active sympathy of all will assure the complete and rapid realisation.

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